For my own games I've taken the liberty of making at least a surface pass over the languages common to various Civilizations. So far I only have explanations for the ones that were most interesting to me personally, or most useful for my game in particular. So, here we go!
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The Association of Eternal Life: The Replicants speak an eclectic blending of Mediterranean languages that most unenhanced minds would struggle to keep up with. It has a superficial similarity to ancient Latin, but aside from personal names shares only basic grammatical structures with the tongue of the Romans. Recently it has become popular for some Replicant copy-groups to network their minds together and forego conventional language. Instead, they use their meshes and identical brains to know one another's thoughts and feelings via direct neural interface.
The Association of Stored Humans: The Stored use a family of languages that can best be described as a descendant of various Romance languages that someone grafted hypertext onto. The vast majority of Stored DIs are capable of advanced levels of cognitive multitasking, and their languages have been evolving to take advantage of this through branching parallel discourse. Stored speaking amongst themselves will often hold two or more seperate conversations simultaneously, one branching off a particular reference in another. Younger or more adventuresome Stored are experimenting with adding another layer to their conversations by exchanging snapshots of mindstates and sensation to provide extra context.
The Builders of the Great Beyond: Language is divided along generational lines among the Builders, with a few exceptions. The living and embodied still speak in descendants of various East Asian language families. The dead and digital maintain those languages for the sake of communicating with their descendants, but are in the process of exploring a wide range of constructed languages and computer code alternatives among themselves. In both cases communication exploits the extensive Builder infosphere and its highly contextual content to provide extra clarity and meaning to their conversations.
The Illustrious Stardwelling Armada: Stardwellers are difficult to generalize about to begin with. They are being almost deliberately frustrating to outsiders when it comes to languages, because they keep inventing new ones for the fun of it. They consider it polite, however, to code and provide translation software for your new language so that others can understand you if they don't feel inclined to learn whatever your Tolkien-esque brain came up with last year just to talk about your latest lithium pie recipe or something.
The League of Independent Worlds: The League made an effort to maintain and reconstruct various Old Earth languages for living use where possible. Audio samples, pre-existing translation guides, and neural meshes make this a relatively painless process. Even so, by virtue of everyday use most of these languages have evolved to have about as much in common with their original forms as Information Age English had in common with Medieval English.
The Nanori: The Nanori speak languages which superficially resemble Arabic and Persian, but have blossomed into so many dialects that native speakers of those languages wouldn't be able to make any sense of them. They also use an eclectic variety of machine languages to communicate with the nanophages and other devices that are so integral to their way of life. They teach their children these languages in song form as a handy mnemonic device for accessing the controls to their technology.
The Rationalist League: The Logicians speak and write in "Optimized Exchange," an artificial language. It was intended to avoid ambiguities caused by homonyms and other inefficient linguistic pitfalls. Every word conveys precisely what it intends to, with as little need for interpretation as possible. Members of the augmented Rationalist monarchy are prone to group-minds due to increased communication efficiency - the result of possessing meshes and removing the need for speech through direct neural interface.
